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英文單字字尾解析:動詞、形容詞與名詞變化規則

大家是不是常覺得,有些英文單字看起來似曾相識,卻總是想不起來意思?

這很可能是因為你忽略了單字後面的「字尾」

其實,字尾是非常實用的英文學習線索。只要掌握常見的字尾規則,你就能更快判斷一個字的詞性,也更容易猜出它的大致意思。無論是看合約、讀商務報告,還是寫英文 Email,都會輕鬆很多。

今天就來整理幾類工作上常見的英文字尾,幫你建立更穩定的字彙直覺。

 

何謂字尾與字首變化

簡單來說,字尾就是加在單字尾端的一小串字母。

一個完整的英文單字,通常是由字首、字根和字尾這三個部分組成的。

字首放在最前面,常常影響單字方向或含義字根是單字的核心字尾則放在最後面,主要用來改變詞性,或補充語感

例如:

comfort
(舒適)

comfortable
(舒適的)

comfort 後面加上 -able,就從名詞或動詞變成了形容詞

了解字尾的好處是,就算在商業書信裡看到沒學過的新字,也能先判斷它可能是名詞、動詞還是形容詞。這對英文閱讀和職場溝通都非常有幫助。

 

動詞的字尾變化

首先,我們先看幾個常見的動詞字尾。這些字尾常常能把名詞或形容詞轉成動詞。

-ate

這個字尾通常有「使之成為」「進行某個動作」的意思。

negotiate(談判、協商)
We need to negotiate the terms of this contract again.
(我們需要針對這份合約條款重新談判。)
evaluate(評估)
The manager is evaluating the feasibility of this new project.
(經理正在評估這個新專案的執行可行性。)
innovate(創新)
The market changes fast, so we must innovate constantly to survive.
(市場變化很快,所以我們必須不斷創新才能生存。)
regulate(規範、管理)
The government plans to regulate the e-commerce market.
(政府計畫規範電子商務市場。)
facilitate(促進、使便利)
The new software will facilitate our cross-departmental communication.
(這套新軟體將有助於促進跨部門溝通。)

-en

這個字尾非常有畫面感,它通常帶有「狀態轉變」「讓某個東西變得更……」的感覺。

sharpen(使更清楚、使更銳利)
You need to sharpen your core arguments before the presentation.
(在簡報前,你需要先讓核心論點更清楚。)
broaden(拓寬、擴大)
The overseas assignment will broaden your international horizons.
(海外派駐經驗能拓展你的國際視野。)
shorten(縮短)
To improve efficiency, we should shorten our weekly meeting times.
(為了提升效率,我們應該縮短每週例會時間。)
strengthen(強化)
This partnership will strengthen our position in the Asian market.
(這次合作將強化我們在亞洲市場的地位。)
threaten(威脅)
The entry of new competitors might threaten our market share.
(新競爭對手的加入可能會威脅我們的市佔率。)

-fy

這個字尾通常有「使……化」或「讓某事成為某種狀態」的意思,它能把名詞或形容詞直接變成動詞。

verify(確認、核實)
Please verify all the data before sending out the report.
(在寄出報告前,請先確認所有數據。)
notify(通知)
We will notify you immediately if there is any change in shipping.
(如果出貨時間有任何變動,我們會立刻通知你。)
justify(證明……合理)
You must provide data to justify your budget request.
(你必須提供數據來支持你的預算申請。)
identify(辨識、找出)
We need a meeting to identify potential issues in this project.
(我們需要開會找出這個專案的潛在問題。)
modify(修改)
The client wants us to modify the proposal based on their feedback.
(客戶希望我們根據他們的意見修改企劃案。)

-ize

這是在商務英文裡非常常見的動詞字尾,常有「使……化」、「進行某種處理」的意思。

optimize(優化)
Our goal this quarter is to optimize the website’s internal processes.
(我們這一季的目標是優化網站內部流程。)
maximize(最大化)
The CEO is looking for ways to maximize the company’s profits.
(執行長正在尋找提升公司獲利最大化的方法。)
standardize(標準化)
We should standardize the response process for customer service.
(我們應該將客服回覆流程標準化。)
minimize(最小化、降低)
We must minimize the risks when investing in a new business.
(投資新事業時,我們必須盡可能降低風險。)
finalize(最終確定)
We expect to finalize all the contract details this afternoon.
(我們預計今天下午確認所有合約細節。)

 

形容詞的字尾變化

接下來,我們來看常見的形容詞字尾。這些字尾能幫你判斷一個字是在描述性質、狀態或特徵

-able

這個字尾非常好記,它通常表示「能夠……的」「可以被……的」

scalable(可擴展的)
This business model is highly scalable for future growth.
(這個商業模式很有彈性,未來可依需求擴展。)
feasible(可行的)
From our current staffing, this marketing plan is entirely feasible.
(以目前的人力來看,這個行銷企劃完全可行。)
comparable(可比較的、相當的)
Our product’s performance is comparable to the leading brand.
(我們產品的整體效能與市場龍頭品牌不相上下。)
profitable(有利可圖的、賺錢的)
After six months of work, this new product line is finally profitable.
(經過半年的努力,這條新產品線終於開始獲利。)
predictable(可預測的)
Facing this volatile quarter, we need a more stable and predictable strategy.
(面對這個多變的季度,我們需要更穩定且可預測的策略。)
applicable(適用的)
This new regulation is only applicable to new employees joining after September.
(這條新規定只適用於九月之後入職的新員工。)
avoidable(可避免的)
This system error was completely avoidable with proper double-checking.
(只要事前確實複查,這個系統錯誤完全可以避免。)

-al

當名詞後面加上這個字尾時,表示「與……相關的」

digital(數位的)
Many traditional companies have accelerated their digital transformation in recent years.
(許多傳統企業近年都加速進行數位轉型。)
financial(財務的)
The financial director provided a very detailed report this morning.
(財務主管今天早上提供了一份非常詳細的報告。)
global(全球的)
Our team must be capable of handling global supply chain challenges.
(我們的團隊必須具備處理全球供應鏈挑戰的能力。)
professional(專業的)
We should maintain a professional attitude at all times when dealing with clients.
(與客戶應對時,我們隨時都應保持專業態度。)
commercial(商業的)
All floors of this building will be designated for commercial use in the future.
(這棟大樓的所有樓層未來都會規劃作商業用途。)
technical(技術的)
If you encounter any technical issues, you can contact the IT department directly.
(如果遇到任何技術問題,可以直接聯絡 IT 部門。)
legal(法律的、法務的)
Before signing any agreement, we must consult our legal team for advice.
(簽署任何協議前,我們必須先諮詢法務團隊的意見。)

-ent

這個字尾通常用來形容某種「持續表現出特定行為或狀態」的特徵。

urgent(緊急的)
We just received an urgent customer complaint that needs immediate attention.
(我們剛收到一件需要立刻處理的緊急客戶投訴。)
consistent(一致的、穩定的)
Since joining the company, he has shown consistent and excellent performance.
(加入公司以來,他一直展現出穩定且優秀的表現。)
competent(有能力的、稱職的)
Her project management skills prove she is a competent manager.
(她的專案管理能力證明她是一位稱職的主管。)
transparent(透明的)
Maintaining transparent communication is key to building team trust.
(保持透明溝通是建立團隊信任的重要關鍵。)
persistent(持續的、有韌性的)
In the face of fierce competition, we need a persistent sales team.
(面對激烈競爭,我們需要一支更有韌性的業務團隊。)
equivalent(相等的、等同的)
The valuation of this startup is already equivalent to a mid-sized listed company.
(這家新創公司的估值已相當於一間中型上市企業。)
prominent(知名的、傑出的)
Several prominent experts in the industry will attend our annual forum today.
(幾位業界知名專家今天會出席我們的年度論壇。)

-ful

-ful 表示「充滿……的」

successful(成功的)
With the right strategy, you can launch a successful brand overseas.
(只要策略正確,你也能在海外成功推出新品牌。)
insightful(有洞察力的)
Thank you for sharing such an insightful market analysis in the meeting today.
(謝謝你今天在會議上分享這麼有洞察力的市場分析。)
resourceful(機智的、善於應變的)
A good secretary is usually highly resourceful when facing emergencies.
(優秀的秘書在面對突發狀況時通常很有應變能力。)
mindful(留意的、注意的)
We must be mindful of managing the company’s operating costs when budgeting.
(編列預算時,我們必須留意公司營運成本的控管。)
skillful(熟練的)
With her skillful negotiation, she secured the most favorable terms for us.
(憑藉熟練的談判技巧,她為我們爭取到最有利的條件。)
stressful(壓力大的)
The week before the product launch is usually very stressful in the office.
(產品正式上線前一週,辦公室氣氛通常都很緊繃。)

-ive

這個字尾帶有「傾向於……的」或者「具備某種主動功能」的含義。

competitive(有競爭力的)
To attract top talent, we offer a highly competitive salary and benefits package.
(為了吸引頂尖人才,我們提供很有競爭力的薪資福利。)
proactive(主動積極的)
The manager wants everyone to take a more proactive approach to problem-solving.
(主管希望大家面對問題時能採取更主動積極的態度。)
executive(高階管理的、行政的)
The board of directors announced several executive personnel changes today.
(董事會今天宣布了幾項高階主管人事變動。)
comprehensive(完整的、全面的)
This comprehensive report covers all the market research data for this year.
(這份完整報告涵蓋了今年所有市場調查數據。)
defensive(防守性的)
We must adopt a defensive strategy against the price war from our competitors.
(面對競爭對手的價格戰,我們必須採取防守策略。)
persuasive(有說服力的)
Your presentation must be persuasive enough to get investors to fund you.
(你的簡報必須有足夠說服力,才能讓投資人願意出資。)
collaborative(協作的、合作的)
This multinational project requires a collaborative effort from everyone to complete.
(這個跨國專案需要大家協作才能完成。)

-less

這個字尾的意思剛好跟前面的 -ful 相反,代表「毫無……的」或是「缺乏……的」

flawless(無瑕疵的、完美的)
Her English presentation was flawless and impressed all the clients present.
(她的英文簡報無懈可擊,讓在場客戶印象深刻。)
careless(粗心的)
We cannot afford to make such a careless mistake on the contract.
(我們不能因為粗心,而在合約上犯下這種基本錯誤。)
worthless(毫無價值的)
Without a proper execution plan, even the best idea is worthless.
(如果沒有完善的執行計畫,再好的點子也毫無價值。)
helpless(無助的、無能為力的)
When the overseas server went down, the engineering team felt helpless for a moment.
(當海外伺服器突然斷線時,工程團隊一時間也感到無能為力。)
countless(無數的)
Our team spent countless hours developing the new product.
(我們團隊投入了無數小時,才終於開發出這項新產品。)
restless(焦躁不安的)
Everyone in the office felt restless while waiting for the quarterly results.
(在等待季度財報公布時,辦公室裡的大家都顯得有些焦躁。)
timeless(經典不過時的)
The logo of this century-old company has a timeless design.
(這家百年企業的標誌設計呈現出一種歷久不衰的經典感。)

-ic

這個字尾通常和某個領域、性質或本質有關,能將名詞變成形容詞。

strategic(策略性的)
The company’s top management is meeting to discuss future strategic planning.
(公司高層正在開會,討論未來的長期策略布局。)
optimistic(樂觀的)
Despite the weak economy, we remain optimistic about our revenue in the second half.
(雖然經濟環境不佳,我們仍對下半年的營收保持樂觀。)
automatic(自動的)
The system will send an automatic confirmation email once the client completes payment.
(客戶完成付款後,系統會自動寄出確認信。)
realistic(實際的、務實的)
We must consider our actual resources when setting realistic goals.
(在制定實際可行的目標時,我們必須考量現有資源。)
specific(具體的、明確的)
Please address the specific questions raised by the client in your reply.
(請在回信中針對客戶提出的具體問題進行說明。)

-ish

-ish 表示「有點像……的」「大約……」,語感比較隨性。

sluggish(遲緩的、疲弱的)
Global demand has been sluggish due to ongoing economic uncertainty.
(受到持續經濟不確定性的影響,全球需求顯得有些疲弱。)
reddish(偏紅的)
The company adopted a warm reddish tone for its new branding design.
(這家公司在新的品牌設計中採用了偏紅的暖色調。)
bookish(書卷氣的、學院派的)
He tends to use a bookish approach when analyzing market trends.
(他在分析市場趨勢時,習慣採取較偏學院派的方式。)
selfish(自私的)
In teamwork, we should avoid selfish behavior and share resources more openly.
(在團隊合作中,我們應避免自私的行為,並更願意分享資源。)
skittish(容易不安的、猶豫不決的)
Many investors remain skittish because the policy direction is still unclear.
(由於政策方向仍不明朗,許多投資人依然態度保守。)

另外,在和外國同事傳訊息或線上聊天時,也常看到數字後面加 -ish,用來表示「大約」

Let’s jump on a call at 4-ish.
我們四點左右通個電話吧。
The project is 80-ish percent done.
這個專案大概完成了八成左右。
He looks 40-ish, but he’s already the VP.
他看起來大約四十歲上下,但已經是副總裁了。

-like

這個字尾的意思是「像……一樣的」,常用來形容某個人或事物具備某種典型特質

補充一點:常見、已固定化的 -like 單字通常會直接連寫;若是臨時組合、描述感較強的用法,則較常加上 hyphen(-)。

statesmanlike(具有領袖風範的)
The CEO showed a statesmanlike calmness during the PR crisis.
(執行長在公關危機中展現出沉穩的領袖風範。)
clockwork-like(如時鐘般精準的)
The exhibition schedule ran in a clockworklike order.
(這次展覽流程進行得如時鐘般精準。)
warriorlike(如戰士般的)
Our sales team showed a warriorlike spirit while entering the new market.
(我們的業務團隊在開拓新市場時展現出如戰士般的鬥志。)
gel-like(膠狀的)
This packaging material has a soft gellike texture.
(這種包裝材料帶有柔軟的膠狀質感。)
mirror-like(如鏡面般的)
The headquarters building features mirrorlike glass walls.
(總部大樓採用了如鏡面般光滑的玻璃外牆。)
lifelike(栩栩如生的)
The virtual assistant’s facial expressions looked incredibly lifelike.
(這個虛擬助理的表情看起來非常逼真。)

 

名詞的字尾變化

最後,我們來看常見的名詞字尾。這些字尾常把動作、狀態或性質轉化成商務英文中很常見的名詞。

-age

-age 常表示某種數量、狀態或過程

storage(儲存空間)
As our business grows, we need more cloud storage space to save files.
(隨著業務擴大,我們需要更多雲端儲存空間來存放檔案。)
shortage(短缺)
Due to the supply chain disruption, the factory is facing a severe shortage of raw materials.
(由於供應鏈中斷,工廠目前正面臨嚴重的原料短缺。)
percentage(百分比)
We need to increase the percentage of online sales in our total revenue.
(我們需要提高線上銷售在總營收中的占比。)
package(方案、套裝)
The HR department prepared an attractive compensation package for the new manager.
(人資部門為新主管準備了一套相當優渥的薪資福利方案。)
leverage(籌碼、優勢)
Mastering core technology gives us strong leverage in negotiations.
(掌握核心技術讓我們在談判中擁有強大的籌碼。)
mileage(里程數)
The company reimburses travel expenses based on actual mileage.
(公司會依照實際里程數補貼交通費。)
brokerage(仲介費、手續費)
This investment firm charges a lower brokerage fee than its competitors.
(這家投資公司收取的手續費比競爭對手低。)

-al

-al 除了能形成形容詞,也常出現在表示「動作結果」的名詞裡。

renewal(續約、更新)
Please confirm the contract renewal with the client before it expires.
(請在合約到期前與客戶確認續約事宜。)
removal(移除、清運)
We plan to complete the removal of old office equipment this weekend.
(我們預計本週末完成舊辦公設備的清運。)
refusal(拒絕)
Despite their refusal, we still hope for future cooperation opportunities.
(儘管對方拒絕了,我們仍期待未來有合作機會。)
appraisal(評估、績效考核)
Managers must conduct employee performance appraisals at the end of the year.
(主管必須在年底進行員工績效考核。)
withdrawal(撤出、提款)
The company announced the withdrawal of its overseas investment.
(這家公司宣布撤出海外投資。)

-cy

-cy 常出現在描述某種狀態、性質或制度的抽象名詞中

policy(政策)
We must follow the company’s privacy policy at all times.
(我們必須隨時遵守公司的隱私政策。)
agency(代理機構)
We partnered with a recruitment agency to hire senior talent.
(我們與一家獵才公司合作招募高階人才。)
currency(貨幣)
Currency fluctuations can significantly affect international trade profits.
(匯率波動可能大幅影響國際貿易利潤。)
vacancy(職缺)
Please send the job vacancy details to HR as soon as possible.
(請盡快將職缺資訊提供給人資部門。)
bankruptcy(破產)
The company filed for bankruptcy after facing severe financial difficulties.
(這家公司因財務困難而申請破產。)
bureaucracy(官僚體制)
The CEO is trying to reduce unnecessary bureaucracy within the company.
(執行長正試圖減少公司內部不必要的官僚流程。)

-ence / -ance

這兩個字尾發音一樣,主要用來代表「某種持續的行為、性質或存在的狀態」

compliance(合規)
The legal department ensures regulatory compliance across all operations.
(法務部門負責確保所有營運符合法規。)
maintenance(維護)
The IT team will perform routine maintenance tonight.
(資訊團隊今晚將進行例行系統維護。)
acceptance(接受、認可)
Our product has gained wide acceptance in the European market.
(我們的產品已獲得歐洲市場廣泛認可。)
assurance(保證、品質保證)
The quality assurance team checks every product carefully.
(品保團隊會仔細檢查每一項產品。)
guidance(指導)
Senior staff will provide guidance during employee training.
(資深員工會在新人訓練期間提供指導。)

-er

這是一個大家最熟悉的字尾,通常表示「做某項工作的人」或「具備某種功能的物品」

manager(主管、經理)
The project manager will review the schedule this afternoon.
(專案經理今天下午會檢查時程安排。)
provider(供應商、提供者)
This cloud service provider offers stable database solutions.
(這家雲端服務供應商提供穩定的資料庫方案。)
consumer(消費者)
We need to better understand consumer behavior.
(我們需要更深入了解消費者行為。)
developer(開發人員)
Our developers are fixing the login issue now.
(我們的開發人員正在修復登入問題。)
manufacturer(製造商)
This manufacturer has an excellent reputation in the industry.
(這家製造商在業界擁有良好聲譽。)

-ism

-ism 常用來表示某種主義、社會風氣、思維體系或運作機制

professionalism(專業精神)
Professionalism is essential in client communication.
(專業精神在客戶溝通中非常重要。)
consumerism(消費主義)
Consumerism has grown rapidly with online shopping culture.
(隨著網購文化興起,消費主義也快速擴張。)
globalism(全球化主義)
Globalism has increased the need for international collaboration.
(全球化提升了跨國合作的需求。)
protectionism(保護主義)
Trade protectionism may increase export costs.
(貿易保護主義可能提高出口成本。)
mechanism(機制)
We need a better feedback mechanism inside the company.
(我們需要建立更完善的公司內部回饋機制。)

-ity

這個字尾非常實用,它能把形容詞變成名詞,用來表示某種性質、狀態或程度

priority(優先事項)
We must reconsider the priority of each project.
(我們必須重新檢視各專案的優先順序。)
security(安全)
Data security is one of our core business principles.
(資料安全是我們核心的營運原則之一。)
flexibility(彈性)
Flexibility is important when negotiating contracts.
(談合約時保有彈性很重要。)
profitability(獲利能力)
The COO is focusing on improving profitability this year.
(營運長今年正專注於提升獲利能力。)
sustainability(永續性)
The startup’s business model emphasizes sustainability.
(這家新創公司的商業模式強調永續發展。)

-ment

-ment 常接在動詞後面,表示該動作的過程、結果或產生的狀態

investment(投資)
The board approved a major investment in AI technology.
(董事會批准了一項 AI 技術的大型投資案。)
agreement(協議)
Both parties signed the agreement this afternoon.
(雙方今天下午正式簽署了協議。)
requirement(條件、要求)
Fluent English is a requirement for this position.
(流利英文是這個職位的基本條件。)
commitment(承諾)
The supplier made a commitment to deliver on time.
(供應商承諾會準時交貨。)
department(部門)
You can contact the finance department for reimbursement questions.
(若有報帳問題,可以聯絡財務部門。)

-ness

當你看到這個字尾時,它通常是把形容詞轉成名詞,表示某種抽象狀態或特質

business(商業、生意)
The company’s e-commerce business is growing rapidly in Asia.
(這家公司在亞洲的電商業務成長迅速。)
awareness(認知、知名度)
Our goal is to raise brand awareness among younger consumers.
(我們的目標是提升年輕族群對品牌的認知度。)
readiness(準備程度)
The sudden crisis tested the team’s readiness.
(突如其來的危機考驗了團隊的應變準備。)
competitiveness(競爭力)
Innovation is key to maintaining competitiveness.
(創新是維持競爭力的關鍵。)
effectiveness(有效性、成效)
The manager is evaluating the effectiveness of the ad campaign.
(主管正在評估這次廣告活動的成效。)

-tion / -sion

這兩個字尾出現在大量商務名詞中,常用來表示某個動作的完成、過程或結果

operation(營運、運作)
Some overseas operations will pause during the system upgrade.
(系統升級期間,部分海外業務將暫停。)
expansion(擴張)
The company plans a major overseas expansion next year.
(公司計畫明年進行大規模海外擴張。)
acquisition(收購)
The tech acquisition attracted global attention.
(這起科技收購案引起全球關注。)
production(生產)
The factory plans to increase production next month.
(工廠計畫下個月提高產量。)
discussion(討論)
We will have a discussion about the budget tomorrow morning.
(我們明天早上會討論預算問題。)

 

總結

看完這三大類常見字尾後,你應該會發現,背單字其實不一定只能靠死記。

只要平常閱讀英文時多花一點時間注意字尾,就能更快判斷單字的詞性,也更容易猜出大致意思

這些字尾規則不會讓你一夕之間記住所有單字,但它們會讓你在面對陌生字時更有方向感。下次看商務文章、合約或英文 Email 時,不妨試著先看字尾,再回頭判斷整個字的意思。

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本文作者

小時候曾在一位美國老師的英語會話教室上課,大學時期則有英國留學的經歷,剛開始工作時的上司是澳大利亞人,因此與英語有著多種接觸。擅長閱讀英語,每天都閱讀英文書籍。請多多關照!

經歴

在初次就業的公司中,於澳大利亞人上司的指導下工作。
與海外客戶通過郵件和電話的交流對我來說是家常便飯。
目前我不僅擔任網頁作家,也是英語和中文的翻譯者。

資格

具備參加TOEIC、TOEFL、IELTS等考試的經驗

海外經驗

學生時代曾經在英國留學,還去過亞洲多個國家旅行並進行實地考察。
也有在實地考察中使用英語進行採訪的經驗。

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